(Data collection by Camila Rivas-Garrido, Angela Sofo, and Edward Koning. When referring to this page, please use the following citation: Koning, E.A., Rivas-Garrido, C., & Sofo, A. (2024). The IESPI Database – Denmark country report. University of Guelph, www.iespi.ca/denmark/).
Tax-paid pensions
| TP1A | Residence requirement for complete universal tax-paid pension |
| 1990-2023 | 78 (40 years) |
To access a complete benefit from the universal tax-paid pension, the folkepension, 40 years of residence in the country are required (Andersen 2007, Lafleur & Vintila 2020, Life in Denmark n.d.-a, Social Security Administration 2016).
| TP1B | Residence requirement for access to pro-rated portion of universal tax-paid pension |
| 1990-2023 | 32-89 (10 years for TCNs, 1 year for EU/Nordic nationals) |
In order to access a pro-rated portion of the folkepension, third country nationals need to have resided in the country for at least 10 years. EU nationals, as well as Icelanders and Norwegians, can qualify after 1 year of residence. Naturalized citizens can access a pro-rated portion after three years of residence already, but given the lengthy residence requirements for naturalizations there are very few imaginable scenarios by which a third country national could access a portion of the benefit after having resided for less than ten years (Life in Denmark n.d.-a, OECD, 2019, Trier 1982). The score on this indicator is weighted to account for the relative proportion of incoming migrants from EU member states – scored as facing a 1 year residence requirement – and from other states – scored as facing a 10 year residence requirement, using data from the OECD Migration Database. Extrapolation used for missing data.
| TP2 | Residence requirement, means-tested supplement |
| 1990-2003 | 80-86 (no supplement available) |
| 2004-2023 | 9-25 (10 years for TCNs, 1 year for EU nationals/Nordic nationals) |
In 2003, Denmark piloted an income supplement for pensioners with low pension income. This scheme was made permanent in 2004. To qualify for the income supplement, one needs to also qualify for at least a pro-rated portion of the folkepension, and thus the same residence requirements apply as described in indicator TP1B (10 years for third country nationals, 1 year for EU nationals, Icelanders and Norwegians) (Blume and Verner 2007, Life in Denmark n.d.-a, Sørensen et al. 2018).
| TP3 | Status requirement for access to tax-paid pension |
| 1990-2023 | 70 (citizens, permanent residents, privileged nationals) |
The folkepension can only be accessed by citizens, long-term residents (of more than 10 years), EU nationals, Nordic nationals, and refugees (Andersen 2007, Life in Denmark n.d.-a, Social Security Administration 2016).
| TP4 | Export possibilities, universal tax-paid pension |
| 1990-2023 | 74-83 (with cuts in benefits for EU nationals and citizens of countries with which Denmark signed bilateral agreement countries, impossible for others) |
The folkepension can be exported by Danish citizens, EU citizens, Nordic citizens, and citizens of countries with which Denmark has signed bilateral social security agreements (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Canada, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Morocco, Pakistan, and Serbia since at least 1990; Chile since 1996; Israel since 1997; New Zealand and Switzerland since 1998; Australia since 2001; Turkey since 2004; United States since 2009; India and South Korea since 2012; and the Philippines since 2016) (Government of Denmark n.d.-a). None of the pension supplements can be exported, which means that in most cases exporting the pension results in a cut in benefits (Consolidated Act on Social Pensions 2010, Government of Denmark n.d.-b). The score on this indicator is weighted by the proportion of migrants from EU countries and from countries with which Denmark has signed relevant social security agreements, using data on the stock of foreign-born individuals by country of birth from the OECD Immigration Database. Extrapolation used for missing data.
Health care
| HC1 | Residence requirements |
| 1990-2007 | 2 (6 weeks) |
| 2008-2023 | 0 (no waiting period) |
There used to be a 6-week waiting period for new residents after registering in the national register before they would become included in the public health care system (Cuadra 2010, Social Security Administration 2002). A 2007 reform, however, abolished this requirement, and new residents now have immediate access as soon as they register (Life in Denmark n.d.-b, Olejaz et al. 2012).
| HC2 | Status requirements |
| 1990-2023 | 20 (all registered residents) |
Everyone who intends to stay in Denmark for more than 6 months needs to register in the national registry, which automatically enrolls one in public financed health care. Everyone else is required to pay for health care services out of their own pocket (Cuadra 2010, Life in Denmark n.d.-b, n.d.-c).
| HC3A | Public health care available to asylum seekers |
| 1990-2023 | 50 (basic services covered in reception centers) |
While asylum seekers are barred from the national health care system, they have access to basic services in reception centers (Red Cross n.d., Vrangbaek 2020).
| HC3B | Public health care available to undocumented migrants |
| 1990-2023 | 50 (emergency care) |
Undocumented migrants are barred from the health care system. The only exception is that medical practitioners are required to help people regardless of status in case of acute emergency care (Cuadra 2010, 2011, Jensen et al. 2011, Vrangbaek 2020).
| HC4A | Accessibility services, translation services |
| 1990-2004 | 0 (state-funded translation services guaranteed) |
| 2005-2023 | 33 (translation services, but user fees for some categories) |
State-funded translation services are available when a doctor determines a patient needs an interpreter. A 2004 policy change, however, introduced fees on such services for residents who have resided in the country for 7 years or more, and a subsequent reform expanded this to anyone who has resided in Denmark for more than 3 years (Act to Amend the Hospital Organisation Act and the Public Health Insurance Act 2004, Capital Region of Denmark n.d., Harpelund et al. 2012).
| HC4B | Accessibility services, other attempts to increase uptake |
| 1990-2002 | 100 (no services) |
| 2003-2023 | 75 (public recognition of need for cultural sensitivity in health care, but practical implications unclear) |
Since at least 2002, there have been repeated public statements recognizing that more cultural sensitivity and cultural competence in the health care sector would improve health care outcomes. So far, however, the practical implication of this recognition has been unclear. There was a pilot program with intercultural mediators in the health care system from 2007 to 2009, but this has never been rolled out nationally (Halberg et al. 2021, Hansen & Hedegaard 2002, Ruddock & Turner 2007, Smith Jervelund et al. 2023, Syndhedsstyrelsen 2010).
Contributory pension benefit
| CP1 | Minimum contribution years |
| 1990-2023 | 0 (no minimum contribution years) |
There is no minimum number of years one has to have contributed before being able to draw from the contributory pension ATP. Anyone who has worked at least nine hours per week at any point in their work history is eligible for (some) pension at retirement age (Life in Denmark n.d.-d, OECD 2019).
| CP2 | Status requirements |
| 1990-2023 | 40 (citizens, permanent residents, privileged nationals, long-term work permit holders) |
Individuals who have worked on short-term contracts and with closed work permits are usually not eligible for the ATP, unless the Minister of Employment decides otherwise (Supplementary Labour Market Pension Act, 2014: section 3).
| CP3 | Export possibilities |
| 1990-2023 | 0 (export possible without restrictions) |
Residence in Denmark is not a requirement to receive the ATP pension. It can be exported anywhere in the world (Life in Denmark n.d.-d, OECD 2019, Supplementary Labour Market Pension Act, 2014).
Contributory unemployment benefits
| CU1 | Minimum contribution weeks |
| 1990-2023 | 22-45 (one year of contributions, with aggregation possibilities for citizens from EU member states and Nordic countries) |
The Danish unemployment insurance scheme is voluntary and therefore can only be accessed by those who have voluntarily paid into it. It becomes available after one year of contributions. Citizens from EU member states and from Nordic countries can count contributions in their country of origin, but still require at least three months of registration with the Danish unemployment funds if they have never registered with them in the past (Blume & Verner 2007, Life in Denmark n.d-e, Nannestad 2004, Pedersen 2013). The score on this indicator is weighted by the proportion of incoming migrants from EU countries and Nordic states, using data from the OECD Immigration Database. Extrapolation used for missing data.
| CU2 | Status requirements |
| 1990-2018 | 38 (citizens, permanent residents, privileged nationals, long-term work permit holders) |
| 2019-2023 | 63 (citizens, permanent residents, privileged nationals) |
Based on the minimum contribution requirements (see CU1), the scheme is not accessible to holders of a permit that is tied to a specific employer or too short in duration to make it possible to build up entitlement. A legislative change in December 2018 additionally imposed the requirement that unemployment benefit recipients need to have resided in the country for at least 7 years out of the last 12 years, which made unemployment benefits de facto exclusively available to citizens, permanent residents, and privileged nationals (Martinsen 2020).
| CU3 | Integration requirements |
| 1990-2018 | 0 (no integration requirements) |
| 2019-2023 | 60 (tied to permit demanding integration requirements for some) |
There are no integration requirements to join the unemployment insurance scheme (A-kasser n.d.-a). However, as a result of the December 2018 change demanding long-term residence in the country, it has become virtually impossible for non-EU newcomers to draw unemployment benefits without having gone through the integration requirements associated with permanent residence in the country (Martinsen 2020).
| CU4 | Export possibilities |
| 1990-2023 | 83-93 (up to three months for EU nationals, impossible for others) |
As per EEC regulation no. 1408/71 and EC regulation no. 883/2004, EU nationals have been able to export unemployment benefits to any state in the European Economic Area for up to 3 months in case they are abroad in search of a new job (A-kasser n.d.-b, De Wispelaere et al. 2020, Life in Denmark, n.d.-e). This option is unavailable to third country nationals (Martinsen 2020). The score on this indicator is weighted by the stock of foreign-born by country of origin, using data from the OECD Immigration Database. Extrapolation used for missing data.
Housing benefits
| HB1 | Residence requirements |
| 1990-2023 | 0 (no residence requirement) |
There is no waiting period before one becomes eligible for housing benefits. Apart from the regular waiting lists, there is no additional wait period before newcomers can access social housing either (Life in Denmark n.d.-f, Ministry of Housing 2002).
| HB2 | Status requirements |
| 1990-2023 | 20 (all registered residents) |
There are no formal status requirements to access housing support, but because applying for support requires registration in the population registry, migrants with very temporary stay in the country are de facto excluded (Life in Denmark n.d.-f, Ministry of Housing 2002).
| HB3 | Integration requirements |
| 1990-2023 | 0 (no integration requirements) |
There are no integration requirements associated with accessing housing support in Denmark.
| HB4 | Housing services for successful asylum claimants |
| 1990-2002 | 0 (guaranteed housing arranged by state) |
| 2003-2023 | 60 (financial settlement support) |
Municipalities used to have a duty to provide refugees with housing within three months. The government abolished this requirement in 2002, however, encouraging municipalities to prioritize Danish citizens. During the first three years in the country, however, refugees do now receive financial settlement support (Borevi & Bengtsson 2015, Act on Individual Housing Support 2019).
Social assistance
| SA1 | Residence requirements |
| 1990-2002 | 25-30 (tied to permit requiring three years of residence for TCNs, 1 year for EU/Nordic nationals) |
| 2003-2021 | 30-50 (tied to permit requiring 7 years of residence for TCNs, 1 year for EU/Nordic nationals) |
| 2022-2023 | 28-32 (9 years of residence for TCNs, 1 year for EU/Nordic nationals) |
Before 2002, there was no formal residence requirement for accessing social assistance, but the benefit was reserved for permanent residents and EU nationals and there was a 3-year waiting period before one could access permanent residency. A 2002 reform both increased the residence requirement for accessing permanent residence to 7 years and placed a formal 7-year residence requirement on social assistance (Borevi & Bengtsson 2015, Pedersen 2013, Andersen et al. 2009). The residence requirement has been further increased to 9 years in 2021 (Nordic Council of Ministers, n.d.). Throughout the period under study, EU nationals and Nordic citizens have been exempted from these residence requirements, but are normally denied access to social assistance if they apply during their first year in the country (Martinsen 2020). The score on this indicator is weighted by the proportion of incoming migrants from EU countries, using data from the OECD Immigration Database. Extrapolation used for missing data.
| SA2 | Status requirements |
| 1990-2023 | 70 (citizens, permanent residents, and privileged nationals) |
Only permanent residents, Nordic citizens, and EU citizens are able to access social assistance. Other categories of migrants in need can only access a much less generous cash benefit (Andersen et al. 2009, Government of Denmark n.d.-c, Groenendijk et al. 2000).
| SA3 | Consequences of welfare uptake |
| 1990-2023 | 14 (delayed access to PR or citizenship) |
Taking up social assistance in Denmark means that immigrants are ineligible for permanent residence permits for at least four years, and ineligible for citizenship, although exceptions are made for some categories of immigrants (Government of Denmark, n.d-d, Lafleur & Vintila 2020, Neerup 2012, Stadlmair 2018).
| SA4 | Integration requirements |
| 1990-1998 | 0 (no integration requirements) |
| 1999-2023 | 80 (receipt tied to integration program) |
Until 1998, there were no integration requirements to accessing social assistance. An integration reform coming into force on January 1st, 1999 forced municipalities to require newcomers on social assistance to undertake integration efforts. Since 2003, there are also stringent integration requirements for accessing permanent residency, but EU citizens do not need such a permit to become eligible for general social assistance (Adamo 2021, European Commission n.d., Fondapol 2023, Government of Denmark n.d.-d, Jørgensen & Thomsen 2016, Meilland 2022, Neerup 2012).
Active labor market policies
| AL1 | Residence requirements |
| 1990-2023 | 0 (no residence requirement) |
The Danish welfare state offers a wide range of active labour market policies. While some are only available to those who receive either social assistance or unemployment benefits, others are accessible by all workers and residents in Denmark, without any waiting period after arriving in the country (Ahmad et al. 2019, Ministry of Children and Education n.d.).
| AL2 | Status requirements |
| 1990-2023 | 20 (all registered residents) |
For the most accessible active labour market programs in the country, all that is required is to be a worker or resident of Denmark, and therefore anyone who is registered in the population registry is in theory eligible to take advantage of these programs (Ahmad et al. 2019, Ministry of Children and Education n.d.).
| AL3A | Availability of language programs |
| 1990-2002 | -8 (no publicly funded language programs available) |
| 2003-2023 | 43 (available at least for all immigrants required to take them) |
Before 2003, when language courses were not yet required as part of mandatory integration, there were no publicly funded language programs available. Since then, certain categories of newcomers are required to attend language training. Such training, however, is not available to newcomers who are not required to take it (Clausen et al. 2009, Neerup 2012, OECD 2007).
| AL3B | Public funding of language programs |
| 1990-2002 | 80 (no publicly funded language programs (but no requirement to learn language for benefit receipt) |
| 2003-2023 | 0 (fully funded) |
Ever since the introduction of mandatory language programs, they have been freely available for those migrants who are required to take them (Clausen et al. 2009, Neerup 2012, OECD 2007).
| AL4A | Availability of employment assistance |
| 1990-1999 | 67 (available to vulnerable groups only) |
| 2000-2023 | 0 (available to all immigrants) |
Until 1999, the only integration programs aimed at improving immigrants’ prospects on the labor market were targeted at refugees (OECD 2007). Since then, Denmark has run several programs to improve the employment projects of immigrants in general (Clausen et al. 2009, Jørgensen & Thomsen 2016).
| AL4B | Nature of employment assistance |
| 1990-1999 | 60 (assistance with finding employment) |
| 2000-2023 | 0 (active initiatives to increase immigrant employment) |
Until 1999, immigrant employment assistance mostly consisted of rather reactive assistance in finding employment. Since then, Denmark has offered a wide range of programs of a more proactive nature, including wage subsidies for employers who hire newcomers, public-sector employment programs, and training opportunities (Clausen et al. 2009, Jørgensen & Thomsen 2016).
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