Codebook

TPTOT = average (average (TP1A, TP1B), TP2, TP3, TP4)

-9: Information missing
-8: No universal public pension

TP1A = (years-5)/0.45

For example, a residence requirement of 10 years results in a score of ((10-5)/0.45=) 11.

Weighted by country of origin of immigrant population to account for aggregation advantages. For example, if 60 percent of the immigrant population was born in countries for which the residence requirement would amount to 50 years, and 40 percent of the immigrant population was born in countries for which the residence requirement would amount to 10 years, the score would be (0.6*(50-5)/0.45+0.4*(10-5)/0.45=) 64.

-9: Information missing
-8: No universal public pension
-7: No pro-rating possible

TP1B = years/0.10

For example, a residence requirement of 3 years results in a score of (3/0.1=) 30.

Weighted by country of origin of immigrant population to account for [annuation] advantages. For example, if 70 percent of the immigrant population was born in countries for which the residence requirement would amount to 5 years, and 30 percent of the immigrant population was born in countries for which the residence requirement would amount to 3 years, the score would be (0.7*5/0.1+0.3*3-/0.1=) 44.

-9: Information missing

TP2: years/0.20 * TPP1 [if valid value]/100

Absence of program is coded as 20 years residence requirement, which results in maximum score of (20/0.2=) 100. Determined to ensure highest observed residence requirement (15 years) results in a score of 75.

Score is multiplied by score of TPP1 to recognize that the level of disadvantage that high residence requirements have on immigrants is partially shaped by how accessible the universal pension is in the first place.

Six months are added to residence requirement for necessary permit to access pension. For example, if the pension is only available to residents with a permit for which 5 years of residence are required, the score would be (5.5/0.2=) 28.

Weighted by country of origin and immigration status of immigrant population to account for different rules for different immigrant groups. For example, if the residence requirement is 0 years for refugees but 10 years for all other migrants, and refugees make up 5 percent of the immigrant population, the score would be (0.05*0/0.2 + 0.95*10/0.2=) 48.

-9: Information missing
-8: No tax-paid programs
0: All residents
10: All legal residents
20: All registered residents (included in population registry)
30: Citizens, permanent residents, privileged nationals, some categories of temporary migrants
40: Citizens, permanent residents, some categories of temporary migrants
50: Citizens, permanent residents, privileged nationals, small number of temporary migrants
60: Citizens, permanent residents, small number of temporary migrants
70: Citizens, permanent residents, privileged nationals
80: Citizens, permanent residents
90: Citizens, privileged nationals
100: Citizens

Note that ‘registration’ means something different in Scandinavian countries, where it is only possible for migrants who have a permit to stay for at least six months or a year, than in countries like Spain, where it is required for everyone who is in the municipality regardless of duration of stay or permit. The code ‘all registered residents’ refers to the former understanding, and therefore only includes migrants who have been included in a registry that can only be accessed by those who have the permit to stay for at least a minimum of six months.

-9: Information missing
-8: No universal pension program
0: Without restrictions
20: With additional residence requirements (extra 10 years)
40: With additional residence requirements (extra 20 years or more)
60: With cuts in benefits
80: For short period only
100: Not possible

Weighted by country of origin to account for different rules for different countries of benefit export. For example, if 60 percent of the migrant population was born in countries to which the benefit can be exported without restrictions, and 40 percent of the migrant population was born in countries to which the benefit could only be exported with added residence requirements of 20 years, the score would be 0.6*0+0.4*50=20.

HCTOT = average (HC1, HC2, average (HC3A, HC3B), average (HC4A, HC4B))

-9: information missing
-8: no public health care or health care subsidies

HC1 = years/0.055

Six months are added to residence requirement for necessary permit to access pension. For example, if the pension is only available to residents with a permit for which 5 years of residence are required, the score would be (5.5/0.055=) 100.

Weighted by country of origin, immigration status, and province of residence of immigrant population to account for different rules for different immigrant groups. For example, if there is no residence requirement for EEA nationals but 4 years for all other migrants, and EEA nationals make up 40 percent of the immigrant population, the score would be (0.4*0/0.055 + 0.6*4/0.055=) 44.

-9: information missing
-8: no public health care or health care subsidies
0: All residents
10: All legal residents
20: All registered residents (included in population registry)
30: Citizens, permanent residents, privileged nationals, some categories of temporary migrants
40: Citizens, permanent residents, some categories of temporary migrants
50: Citizens, permanent residents, privileged nationals, small number of temporary migrants
60: Citizens, permanent residents, small number of temporary migrants
70: Citizens, permanent residents, privileged nationals
80: Citizens, permanent residents
90: Citizens, privileged nationals
100: Citizens

Note that ‘registration’ means something different in Scandinavian countries, where it is only possible for migrants who have a permit to stay for at least six months or a year, than in countries like Spain, where it is required for everyone who is in the municipality regardless of duration of stay or permit. The code ‘all registered residents’ refers to the former understanding, and therefore only includes migrants who have been included in a registry that can only be accessed by those who have the permit to stay for at least a minimum of six months.

-9: information missing
-8: no public health care or health care subsidies
0: Expanded coverage not provided to native-born citizens/exemption from regular user fees or insurance costs all native-born citizens need to pay
17: Expanded coverage not provided to all native-born citizens/exemption from regular user fees or insurance costs many native-born citizens need to pay
33: Included in basic system
50: Basic services covered in reception centers
67: Necessary care, with user fees
83: Emergency care and urgent care
100: None

-9: information missing
-8: no public health care or health care subsidies
0: Undocumented migrants included in regular system
17: Essential care and immediate care
33: Emergency care, treatment of communicable diseases, perinatal care
50: Emergency care
67: Emergency care, with user fees
83: Emergency care, in detention centers/deportation procedure
100: None

0: State-funded translation services guaranteed
17: State-funded translation services for basic health care but not for additional services
33: Translation services, but user fees for some categories
50: Translation services, but only partially funded
67: Translation services occasionally available in some languages
83: Information brochures
100: Nothing available

0: Culturally sensitive care providers available in at least some instances
25: Assistance for migrants accessing health care services
50: (Non-mandatory) diversity training available to health care institutions/practitioners
75: Public recognition of need for cultural sensitivity in health care, but practical implication unclear
100: No services

CPTOT = average (CP1, CP2, CP3)

-9: Information missing
-8: No contributory pension benefit

CP1 = years/0.20

Weighted by country of origin of immigrant population to account for [annuation] advantages. For example, if 75 percent of the immigrant population was born in countries for which the minimum number of contribution years is 10, and 25 percent of the immigrant population was born in countries for which the minimum number of contribution years would amount to 0 years (because they could count contributions in country of origin), the score would be (0.75*10/0.2+0.25*0/0.3=) 38.

-9: Information missing
-8: No contributory pension benefit
0: All legal residents
20: Restricted to some categories, but excluded can opt out of premium payments
40: Citizens, permanent residents, privileged nationals, long-term work permit holders
60: Citizens, permanent residents, long-term work permit holders
80: Citizens, permanent residents, and privileged nationals
100: Citizens, permanent residents

In case the minimum contribution requirement is 5 years or more, this indicator is coded at minimum 40 considering that it is unlikely that someone on a short-term temporary permit would be able to meet the contribution requirement. In case the minimum contribution requirement is 10 years or more, this indicator is coded at minimum 80 considering it is unlikely that anyone except permanent residents and citizens would be able to meet the contribution requirement.

Note that ‘registration’ means something different in Scandinavian countries, where it is only possible for migrants who have a permit to stay for at least six months or a year, than in countries like Spain, where it is required for everyone who is in the municipality regardless of duration of stay or permit. The code ‘all registered residents’ refers to the former understanding, and therefore only includes migrants who have been included in a registry that can only be accessed by those who have the permit to stay for at least a minimum of six months.

-9: Information missing
-8: No contributory pension benefit
0: Export possible without restrictions
25: With additional residence and/or status requirements
50: Without access to supplements/public contributions
75: With cut in built-up entitlement
100: Export impossible

Weighted by country of origin to account for different rules for different countries of benefit export. For example, if 40 percent of the migrant population was born in countries to which the benefit can be exported without restrictions, and 60 percent of the migrant population was born in countries to which the benefit could only be exported with cuts in benefits, the score would be 0.4*0+0.60*67=40.

CUTOT = average (CU1, CU2, CU3, CU4)

-9: Information missing
-8: No contributory unemployment benefit

CU1 = weeks/1.04

Weighted by country of origin of immigrant population to account for [annuation] advantages. For example, if 80 percent of the immigrant population was born in countries for which the minimum number of contribution weeks is 26, and 20 percent of the immigrant population was born in countries for which the minimum number of contribution weeks would amount to 1 (because they could count contributions in country of origin), the score would be (0.8*26/1.04+0.2*1/1.04=) 20.

-9: Information missing
-8: No contributory unemployment benefit
0: All legal residents
13: Citizens, permanent residents, privileged nationals, long-term work permit holders, asylum seekers
25: Citizens, permanent residents, long-term work permit holders, asylum seekers
38: Citizens, permanent residents, privileged nationals, long-term work permit holders
50: Citizens, permanent residents, long-term work permit holders
63: Citizens, permanent residents, and privileged nationals
75: Citizens, permanent residents
88: Citizens, privileged nationals
100: Citizens

Note that ‘registration’ means something different in Scandinavian countries, where it is only possible for migrants who have a permit to stay for at least six months or a year, than in countries like Spain, where it is required for everyone who is in the municipality regardless of duration of stay or permit. The code ‘all registered residents’ refers to the former understanding, and therefore only includes migrants who have been included in a registry that can only be accessed by those who have the permit to stay for at least a minimum of six months.

-9: Information missing
-8: No contributory unemployment benefit
0: No integration requirements
20: Can be requested at discretion of local authorities
40: Tied to integration program for some migrants
60: Tied to permit demanding integration requirements for some migrants
80: Tied to integration program, with minimal exemptions
100: Tied to permit demanding integration requirements, with minimal exemptions

-9: Information missing
-8: No contributory unemployment benefit
0: Export possible without restrictions
20: Accrued benefits available at reduced rate upon leaving
40: Up to six months
60: Up to three months
80: Up to 1-2 weeks
100: Not possible (or only possible for less than one week)

Weighted by country of origin to account for different rules for different countries of benefit export. For example, if 40 percent of the migrant population was born in countries to which the benefit cannot be exported without restrictions, and 60 percent of the migrant population was born in countries to which the benefit could only be exported for a period of up to 6 months, the score would be 0.4*100+0.60*40=64.

HBTOT = average (HB1, HB2, HB3, HB4)

-9: Information missing
-8: No public housing benefits

HB1 = years/0.105

Six months are added to residence requirement for necessary permit to access pension. For example, if housing benefits are only available to residents with a permit for which 5 years of residence are required, the score would be (5.5/0.105=) 52.

Weighted by country of origin, immigration status, and province of residence of immigrant population to account for different rules for different immigrant groups. For example, if there is no residence requirement for EEA nationals but 4 years for all other migrants, and EEA nationals make up 40 percent of the immigrant population, the score would be (0.4*0/0.055 + 0.6*4/0.055=) 44.

-9: Information missing
-8: No public housing benefits
0: All residents
10: All legal residents
20: All registered residents (included in population registry)
30: Citizens, permanent residents, privileged nationals, some categories of temporary migrants
40: Citizens, permanent residents, some categories of temporary migrants
50: Citizens, permanent residents, privileged nationals, small number of temporary migrants
60: Citizens, permanent residents, small number of temporary migrants
70: Citizens, permanent residents, privileged nationals
80: Citizens, permanent residents
90: Citizens, privileged nationals
100: Citizens

Note that ‘registration’ means something different in Scandinavian countries, where it is only possible for migrants who have a permit to stay for at least six months or a year, than in countries like Spain, where it is required for everyone who is in the municipality regardless of duration of stay or permit. The code ‘all registered residents’ refers to the former understanding, and therefore only includes migrants who have been included in a registry that can only be accessed by those who have the permit to stay for at least a minimum of six months.

-9: Information missing
-8: No public housing benefits
0: No integration requirements
20: Can be requested at discretion of local authorities
40: Tied to integration program for some migrants
60: Tied to permit demanding integration requirements for some migrants
80: Tied to integration program, with minimal exemptions
100: Tied to permit demanding integration requirements, with minimal exemptions

-9: Information missing
0: Guaranteed housing arranged by state
20: Temporary housing guaranteed
40: Services assisting on housing market
60: Financial settlement support
80: Accommodation support, but with uncertain funding
100: No targeted services available

SATOT = average (SA1, SA2, SA3, SA4)

-9: Information missing
SA1 = years/0.105

Six months are added to residence requirement for necessary permit to access social assistance. For example, if social assistance is only available to residents with a permit for which 5 years of residence are required, the score would be (5.5/0.105=) 52.

Weighted by country of origin, immigration status, and province of residence of immigrant population to account for different rules for different immigrant groups. For example, if there is no residence requirement for EEA nationals but 4 years for all other migrants, and EEA nationals make up 80 percent of the immigrant population, the score would be (0.8*0/0.105 + 0.2*4/0.105=) 8.

-9: Information missing
0: All residents
10: All legal residents
20: All registered residents (included in population registry)
30: Citizens, permanent residents, privileged nationals, some categories of temporary migrants
40: Citizens, permanent residents, some categories of temporary migrants
50: Citizens, permanent residents, privileged nationals, small number of temporary migrants
60: Citizens, permanent residents, small number of temporary migrants
70: Citizens, permanent residents, privileged nationals
80: Citizens, permanent residents
90: Citizens, privileged nationals
100: Citizens

Note that ‘registration’ means something different in Scandinavian countries, where it is only possible for migrants who have a permit to stay for at least six months or a year, than in countries like Spain, where it is required for everyone who is in the municipality regardless of duration of stay or permit. The code ‘all registered residents’ refers to the former understanding, and therefore only includes migrants who have been included in a registry that can only be accessed by those who have the permit to stay for at least a minimum of six months.

-9: Information missing
0: No consequences
14: Delayed access to PR or citizenship
29: Can lead to non-renewal of temporary permit, decided on case-to-case basis
43: Non-renewal of temporary permit
57: Loss of privileged status
71: Loss of right of residence for some but not all temporary migrants
86: Loss of right of residence for all temporary migrants
100: Loss of right of residence even for some permanent residents

-9: Information missing
0: No integration requirements
20: Can be requested at discretion of local authorities
40: Tied to integration program for some migrants
60: Tied to permit demanding integration requirements for some migrants
80: Tied to integration program, with minimal exemptions
100: Tied to permit demanding integration requirements, with minimal exemptions

ALTOT = average (AL1, AL2, average (AL3A, AL3B), average (AL4A, AL4B))

-9: Information missing
-8: No active labor market policies

ALM1 = years/0.105

Weighted by country of origin to account for different rules for different immigrant groups. For example, if the residence requirement is 3 months for EEA nationals and 5 years for other migrants and EEA nationals make up 60 percent of the immigrant population, the score would be (0.6*0.25/0.1 + 0.4*5/0.1=)

Six months are added to residence or work history requirement for necessary permit to access active labor market policies. For example, if active labor market policies are only available to residents who receive unemployment benefits, and unemployment benefits are only available after 1 year of work history, the score would be (1.5/0.10=) 15.

-9: Information missing
-8: No active labor market policies
0: All residents
10: All legal residents
20: All registered residents (included in population registry)
30: Citizens, permanent residents, privileged nationals, some categories of temporary migrants
40: Citizens, permanent residents, some categories of temporary migrants
50: Citizens, permanent residents, privileged nationals, small number of temporary migrants
60: Citizens, permanent residents, small number of temporary migrants
70: Citizens, permanent residents, privileged nationals
80: Citizens, permanent residents
90: Citizens, privileged nationals
100: Citizens

Note that ‘registration’ means something different in Scandinavian countries, where it is only possible for migrants who have a permit to stay for at least six months or a year, than in countries like Spain, where it is required for everyone who is in the municipality regardless of duration of stay or permit. The code ‘all registered residents’ refers to the former understanding, and therefore only includes migrants who have been included in a registry that can only be accessed by those who have the permit to stay for at least a minimum of six months.

-9: Information missing
-8: No publicly funded programs available (AL3B > 60)
0: Available for any immigrant, with much adjustment to skill level
14: Available for any immigrant
29: Available for all permanent residents and some temporary residents
43: Available at least for all immigrants required to take them
57: Available to most migrants, but offered unevenly across the country
71: Available for vulnerable groups only
86: Available for privileged groups only
100: Available to select groups, but offered unevenly across the country

-9: Information missing
0: Fully funded
20: Fully funded for some, nominal fees for others
40: Nominal fees
60: Discount on fees if completed successfully
80: No publicly funded language programs (but no requirement to learn language for benefit receipt)
100: No publicly funded language programs (but required to learn language for benefit receipt)

-9: Information missing
-8: no targeted services available (AL4B>60)
0: Available to all immigrants
17: Available to all immigrants intending to become permanent resident
33: Available to all immigrants required to make use of it
50: Available to most migrants, but offered unevenly across the country
67: Available to vulnerable groups only
83: Available to privileged groups only
100: Available to select groups, but offered unevenly across the country

-9: Information missing
0: Active initiatives to increase immigrant employment (internships, tax breaks, etc.)
20: Integration training
40: Assistance with credential recognition
60: Assistance with finding employment
80: Programs combating discrimination on labor market
100: Nothing available